RAD 142 - Radiographic Procedures II
Last Date of Approval: Spring 2021
4 Credits
Total Lecture Hours: 45
Total Lab Hours: 30
Total Clinical Hours: 0
Total Work-Based Experience Hours: 0
Course Description:
This course is one semester and a continuation of RAD 122 - Radiographic Procedures I . This course is designed for students who are pursuing a radiologic technology degree. Students will be given an in-depth, integrated coverage of the digestive system and the urinary system along with procedures of the spine, fluoroscopy exams, and trauma radiography. This course will help students gain the basic knowledge of radiology and will help provide entry-level skills related specifically to radiologic technologist job duties while enhancing their overall knowledge when making important life decisions.
Corequisites: RAD 230, RAD 365, RAD 430
Prerequisites: RAD 122 , RAD 210 , RAD 320
Recommended(s): None
Prerequisites/Corequisites: PSY 111 or PSY 112 with a C or higher
Mode(s) of Instruction: traditional/face-to-face
Credit for Prior Learning: None
Course Fees: None
Common Course Assessment(s): None
Student Learning Outcomes and Objectives:
Student Learning Outcomes:
1. Identify, list, and describe the essential anatomic components and structures of each body part/system and apply it to radiographic procedures.
2. Demonstrate and prove competency in the radiology lab of the learned radiographic procedures of the vertebral column, bony thorax, digestive system and urinary system.
3. Position and manipulate the patient, x-ray tube, bucky apparatus, image receptor, and Central Ray with accuracy in order to produce a diagnostic image
4. Describe essential anatomic structures that must appear in the radiographic image, how they must be seen in order to be of diagnostic value and correct exposure factors utilized for each projection.
5. Distinguish between diagnostic radiographs and radiographic images that do not display diagnostic standards.
6. Express appropriate patient communication and care during procedures done in the lab.
7. Demonstrate a commitment to quality radiographic procedures by repeating an assignment or lab competency to master the proper positioning technique.
8. Relate laboratory practice and competency to the clinical environment.
9. State how to complete the radiologic procedure as it relates to proper patient pre and post procedure care.
10. Discuss Trauma Radiography, the role of the radiographer in trauma, and radiographic procedures in trauma situations.
11. Recognize contrast medias used in radiographic procedures, adverse patient reactions to contrast media, oral and IV types of contrast media, and procedural considerations when using contrast media.
12. Discuss pharmacology as it relates to radiologic procedures, and general pharmacology principals.
13. Discuss the various patient tubes, lines, catheters and other devices that may be used in the digestive and urinary system.
14. Utilize critical thinking skills in evaluating situations, problems and challenges that are encountered in the Radiologic Profession.
Course Objectives
Unit 1 - Cervical and Thoracic Spine
• Correctly list and label all essential anatomy of the cervical and thoracic vertebral column on diagrams and radiographs.
• Describe the functions of the vertebral column.
• List the five regions of the vertebral column with the correct number of vertebrae or segments in each region.
• Explain the two curves of the vertebral column present at birth and the two compensatory curves that develop after birth.
• Differentiate between lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.
• Identify all parts of the typical and atypical vertebrae on diagrams and in radiographs.
• Identify the correct medical term for slipped disk and describe what causes this condition.
• Describe the two main parts of the intervertebral disk and describe their purpose and function.
• Identify those features of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae that distinguish them from the other vertebrae.
• Explain costovertebral and costotransverse articulations.
• List the additional names for C-1, C-2, and C-7
• Describe the articular prosesses.
• Explain the Intervertebral foramina location in the cervical vertebrae.
• Explain the Zygapophyseal joints in the thoracic region; angle and body rotation required to demonstrate them.
• Determine the position or projection for each section of the spine that will best demonstrate apophyseal joints and intervertebral foramina, and if the “up” side or “down” side is being visualized.
• Discuss the different vertebral joint classifications and type.
• Explain the basic and optional projections, central ray (CR) placement and angulation, body part position, and anatomy best demonstrated on radiographic procedures of the cervical and thoracic vertebral column.
• Demonstrate competency on the essential radiographic procedures of the cervical and thoracic vertebral column through Lab simulations.
Unit 2 - Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, Coccyx, and SI Joints
• Correctly list and label all essential anatomy of the lumbar, sacrum, coccyx vertebral column and sacroiliac joints on diagrams and radiographs.
• Identify the anatomical structures for the parts of the “scotty dog” demonstrated on the oblique lumbar radiograph.
• List the basic and optional projections, central ray (CR) placement and angulation, body part position, and anatomy best demonstrated on radiographic procedures of the lumbar, sacrum, coccyx spine, L5-S1 junction and sacroiliac joints.
• Differentiate the correct vertebrae or segment associated with the topographical landmarks of the iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine.
• Describe the zygapophyseal joints visualized on radiographs of anterior and posterior oblique projections of the lumbar vertebral column.
• Determine if the intervertebral disk spaces are open and well visualized.
• Critique and evaluate each radiograph according to the evaluation criteria and structures shown as outlined.
• Discriminate between those radiographs that are unacceptable due to positioning errors and incorrect exposure factors and those that are acceptable.
• Demonstrate competency on the essential radiographic procedures of the lumbar vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, and sacroiliac joints through Lab simulations.
Unit 3 - Bony Thorax and Trauma Radiography
• Correctly list and label all essential anatomy of the Bony Thorax -Sternum, Ribs, and Sternoclavicular (SC) joints- on diagrams and radiographs.
• Differentiate between true ribs, floating ribs, and false ribs.
• Describe the radiographic appearance of posterior ribs and anterior ribs.
• Explain diaphragm movement and change with respiratory phase.
• Identify the ribs that should be imaged through the lungs versus ribs that should be imaged through the upper abdomen.
• Identify which ribs should be imaged using full inspiration versus which ribs should be viewed on full expiration.
• List the basic and optional projections, central ray (CR) placement and angulation, body part position, and anatomy best demonstrated on radiographic procedures of the ribs, sternum, and SC joints.
• Explain the differences in radiographic procedures between imaging anterior ribs and posterior ribs.
• Describe hemothorax and pneumothorax.
• Demonstrate competency on the essential radiographic procedures of the ribs, sternum, Upper Airway (soft-tissue neck), and SC joints through Lab simulations.
• Discuss trauma radiography and the role of radiographer as a member of the trauma team.
• Evaluate preliminary trauma considerations and trauma statistics.
• Identify best practices as they relate to trauma radiography.
• Relate how radiographic procedures are done in trauma situations.
• Discuss the role of computed tomography and diagnostic medical sonography procedures in trauma radiography.
Unit 4 - Digestive System
• Correctly list and label all essential anatomy of the digestive system including organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organs on diagrams and radiographs.
• List the primary functions of the digestive system.
• Describe the anatomic locations, functions, and essential anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, small bowel, large bowel and biliary system.
• Describe the effect of body habitus on organ location within the abdomen.
• Explain the common radiolucent and radiopaque contrast media used to visualize the gastrointestinal (GI) system.
• Describe imaging procedures of the GI tract utilizing fluoroscopic examination.
• Describe the anatomic function, location, and pertinent anatomy of the small and large bowel.
• Explain common fluoroscopic procedures of the GI tract.
• Discuss patient prep instructions for the radiographic procedures of the GI tract.
• Describe room preparation for fluoroscopic procedures of the GI tract.
• Explain the consent form, patient history questions, and procedure explanation process necessary prior to performing a GI procedure.
• Describe barium sulfate and water soluble contrast agents used for GI imaging.
• Compare types of contrast agents and the various ways they are used.
• Describe how to prepare the patient psychologically for the barium enema.
• Describe the patient position and correct method to insert a rectal tube.
• Explain the essential and optional positions and projections of the barium filled GI tract along with the anatomy that is best visualized on each.
• Describe the location and pertinent anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and ductal system of the biliary system
• Identify the blood supply of the liver including the porta hepatis.
• List the liver function most applicable to radiographic study.
• List the major component of bile and the primary function of bile.
• Describe how body habitus affects location of the gallbladder.
• Describe radiographic procedures of the biliary system.
• Explain the substance cholecystokinin and its effect on the gallbladder and sphincter of oddi.
• Demonstrate competency on radiographic procedures of the esophagus, UGI, small bowel follow through, barium enema, and ERCP through Lab simulations.
Unit 5 - Urinary System
• Correctly list and label all essential anatomy of the urinary system including suprarenal glands and prostate gland on diagrams and radiographs.
• Explain the primary functions of the urinary system and kidney function.
• Identify the functional unit of the kidney and label its anatomic structures.
• Compare the anatomic differences of the male and female urethra.
• Differentiate antegrade and retrograde filling.
• Discuss urography, retrograde urography and contrast studies of the urinary system.
• Discuss iodinated ionic and nonionic contrast media used for radiographic investigation of the urinary system.
• List adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media.
• Identify the six rights of drug safety and drug categories that are relevant in diagnostic radiography and current practice standards for contrast administration.
• Explain preparation of the intestinal tract and patient preparation, including the consent form.
• Define excretory urography and list two alternate names.
• List indications for excretory urography.
• Discuss contraindications to excretory urography and high-risk patient conditions to intravenous contrast medial injection.
• Discuss the purpose of ureteral compression.
• Explain proper patient preparation for excretory urography.
• Differentiate between nephrogram and nephrotomogram.
• Describe the procedure, procedure location, and physician involved in retrograde urography.
• Describe the essential and nonessential urinary system radiographic procedures.
• Demonstrate competency on the excretory urogram (EU) also called Intravenous Urography through Lab simulations.
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