RAD 163 - Radiographic Procedures III

1. Develop a thorough knowledge of anatomy of the 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones

2. Identify important anatomy on diagrams and radiographs

3. Identify surface landmarks and radiographic base lines of the skull and facial bones on diagrams, the patient, and on self

4. Develop understanding of skull topography and morphology

5. Demonstrate proper radiographic positioning skills for all headwork: skull and facial bones.

6. Evaluate and critique radiographic images of the skull and facial bones

7. Relate laboratory practice and competency to the clinical environment

Course Objectives

Unit 1

• Demonstrate anatomy and radiographic positioning procedures of the cranium, sella turcica and petrous pyramids. 

• List the surface landmarks of the skull and locate them on drawings and on self.

• List and describe the location of the mid-sagittal plane (MSP) and the five localizing lines of the skull.

• Identify the external landmarks which correspond to the level of the floor of the cranium and the level of the petrous ridge.

• List the eight cranial bones and identify the four bones composing the calvarium and the four making up the floor of the cranium.

• Describe the relative locations or positions of the eight cranial bones and identify on diagrams the various anatomic structures and parts of each cranial bone.

• Identify the four main sutures of the skull and fontanels

• Describe correct joint classification and the movement type of the skull sutures

Unit 2:

• Demonstrate anatomy and radiographic positioning procedures of the facial bones.

• List the fourteen facial bones-with correct spelling.

• Identify on diagrams all facial bone anatomy • Describe the two anatomical names for the cheek bone

• Describe the shape and the position of the bony orbits and identify the degrees of the two angles between the cone-shaped orbits along with specific positioning lines and planes

• List the seven bones composing the bony orbits and differentiate which are facial bones and which are cranial bones.

• Identify on diagrams and on dry skull each of the seven bones comprising the orbits as well as the three openings of the orbits.

• On a lateral skull radiograph, identify the two structures which must be superimposed in a PA Waters position.

• Identify on radiographs of the PA Waters projection, the following structures: malar bone, body or maxilla, bony nasal septum, zygomatic arch, anterior nasal spine, petrous ridge, infraorbital margin, supraorbital margin and maxillary sinuses.

• List the two basic projections or positions for routine facial bone series and the optimal position for the floor of the orbits.

• Differentiate between the routine PA Waters and the modified PA Waters and describe the anatomical structures that are best demonstrated on each.

• List the three basic projections or positions taken for routine zygomatic arch series and the two optional positions or projections

• Describe the special position commonly used to demonstrate the optic foramen, describing the positioning line that must be parallel to the central ray (CR) as viewed from the font and the specific degree of angle between the MSP, the CR, and the table-top.

• Define the three “points” referred to in the three point landing position for the optic foramen.

Unit 3: 

• Demonstrate anatomy and radiographic positioning procedures of the mandible, sinuses, and temporal bone.

• Identify on diagrams, anatomy of the mandible, paranasal sinuses, mastoid and petrous portions of the temporal bone.

• Differentiate between the coronoid process of the mandible and proximal ulna and the coracoid process of the scapula.

• Identify on a dry skull anatomy of the mandible.

• Identify on radiographs the temporomandibular joints and differentiate between the open mouth position and closed mouth position.

• Locate the four groups of paranasal sinuses on frontal and lateral projection radiographs and list the usual number of sinuses in each group.

• Describe the three main portions of the temporal bone.

• Identify on diagrams the location and extent of the three divisions of the ear and give the name or names of each structure of the three portions of the ear.

• Describe the shape and relative positions of the three ossicles of the middle ear as seen from both a frontal and lateral view.

• Explain the distances between various structures of the ear and the distances from the table-top to these structures in both frontal and lateral projections.

• List the two basic projections for the routine mandible

• Explain the optimal projections or positions to best demonstrate the following specific parts of the mandible: upper rami and condyloid processes,  mentum,  u-shaped outline of the body and mentum

• List the three basic projections or positions for a routine paranasal sinus series

• Describe two projections or positions to better visualize the mastoid portion of the temporal bone in addition to routine skull radiography.

• Describe two projections or positions to better visualize the petrous portion of the temporal bone in addition to routine skull radiography.

• Given any two structures of the petrous and mastoid portions of the temporal bone, correctly determine which is located more lateral to the second structure and which is located more posterior.